According to Classical authors, the Persian emperor Cyrus the Great occupied Assyria in 547 BC and established it as an Achaemenid military protectorate state (or satrapy) called in Old Persian Aθurā ( Athura), with Babylon as the capital. Under the Medes, Cyaxares might have settled a number of people from the ancient Iranian tribe of Sagartians in the Assyrian cities of Arbela and Arrapha (modern Kirkuk), probably as a reward for their help in the capture of Nineveh. The city then changed hands a number of times including the Persian, Greek, Parthian, Roman and Sassanid rule. By the time of the Middle Assyrian Empire (1365–1050 BC) Erbil was within the Assyrian zone of control which largely extended into the Neo-Assyrian Empire (935–605 BC). In the centuries after the fall of the Ur III empire Erbil became a power in its area.It was conquered by Shamsi-Adad I during his short lived Upper Mesopotamian Kingdom, becoming independent after its fall. The Neo-Sumerian ruler of Ur, Amar-Sin, sacked Urbilum in his second year, c. Erridupizir, king of the kingdom of Gutium, captured the city in 2150 BC. They record two journeys to Erbil ( Irbilum) by a messenger from Ebla around 2300 BFC. The first mention of Erbil in literary sources comes from the archives of the kingdom of Ebla. Their population is estimated to be 3.3 million. Today the Assyrian people, a Syriac-speaking community, are a minority in northern Iraq, northeastern Syria, southeastern Turkey and northwestern Iran. 3000 BC, until the rise of the Akkadian Empire (2335–2154 BC) which united all of the Akkadian Semites and Sumerians of Mesopotamia under one rule. The region in which Erbil lies was largely under Sumerian domination from c. History Ĭhaldean Catholic Cathedral of Saint Joseph in Ankawa, a suburb of Erbil Ancient history Iraq's first two Turkmen schools were opened on November 17 1993, one in Erbil and the other in Kifri. Turkmens participate in the political institutions of the KRG, including the Parliament. In 2006, the citadel was emptied, and the Turkmen in the citadel were relocated to other neighbourhoods. Until 2006, they were living in the Tophane, Tekke and Saray neighborhoods of the Citadel, which contained almost 700 houses. They mainly reside in the neighbourhoods of Taci, Mareke and Three Tak in Erbil's city centre, around the citadel. The Turkmen population in Erbil is estimated to be around 300,000. The city is predominantly Kurdish and has an Arab and Turkmen and Modern Assyrian minority. Arbēla), can be traced back to Old Persian Arbairā and ultimately Assyrian Arbailu. The city's ancient name, known in the classical era as Arbela ( Greek: Ἄρβηλα translit. In July 2014, the Citadel of Erbil was inscribed as a World Heritage Site. The city was designated as Arab Tourism Capital 2014 by the Arab Council of Tourism. Įrbil's archaeological museum houses a large collection of pre-Islamic artefacts, particularly the art of Mesopotamia, and is a centre for archaeological projects in the area. įollowing the Muslim conquest of Persia, it no longer remained a unitary region, and during the Middle Ages, the city came to be ruled by the Seljuk and Ottoman empires. In ancient times the patron deity of the city was Ishtar of Arbela. Subsequent to this, it was part of the geopolitical province of Assyria under several empires in turn, including the Median Empire, the Achaemenid Empire ( Achaemenid Assyria), Macedonian Empire, Seleucid Empire, Armenian Empire, Parthian Empire, Roman Assyria and Sasanian Empire, as well as being the capital of the tributary state of Adiabene between the mid-second century BC and early second century AD. Beginning in the late 2nd millennium BC it came under Assyrian control. It was conquered for a time by the Gutians. In the 3rd millennium BC Erbil was an independent power in its area. The city was later conquered by the Assyrians. The earliest historical reference to the region dates to the Third Dynasty of Ur of Sumer, when King Shulgi mentioned the city of Urbilum. At the heart of the city is the ancient Citadel of Erbil and Mudhafaria Minaret. Human settlement at Erbil may be dated back to the fifth millennium BC. It has an estimated population of around 1,600,000. Erbil, also called Hawler ( Kurdish: هەولێر Hewlêr, Arabic: أربيل, romanized: Arbīl Syriac: ܐܲܪܒܹܝܠ, romanized: Arbel ), is the capital and most populated city in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.
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